In patient GR's case, what was observed?

• A. Deep dyslexia
• B. Surface dyslexia
• C. Aphasia
• D. Anomia

Answer: (A)

Deep dyslexia is an acquired reading disorder where reading aloud tends to be guided by meaning rather than accurate spelling-to-sound decoding. This leads to semantic substitutions—reading a target word as a related word—and a marked difficulty with reading nonwords (strings that have no lexical representation). In patient GR’s case, the observed pattern was that reading aloud produced semantically related substitutions rather than the exact target word, and nonwords were read with difficulty. This combination—the semantic-leaning substitutions plus poor nonword reading—is characteristic of deep dyslexia, distinguishing it from other reading disorders such as surface dyslexia (which mainly shows trouble with irregular words but preserves nonword reading) or language disorders like aphasia or anomia that affect broader language production rather than the specific reading route involved here.