What is meant by Information encapsulation?

• A. Modules are separate and operate independently
• B. Modules share information openly
• C. Modules are controlled by attention
• D. Modules are flexible and context-dependent

Answer: (A)

Information encapsulation means a cognitive module processes information in a self-contained way, using its own private inputs and rules, and is insulated from other information outside that module. In this view, processing happens independently of what other parts of the brain know or intend, at least during the initial stage.

The description that best fits this idea is that modules are separate and operate independently. They are distinct processing units with restricted inputs, so their operations aren’t readily swayed by information from other domains or higher-level knowledge. The other options imply openness, attentional control, or context sensitivity, which would weaken the notion of encapsulation. For example, a basic perceptual module tends to run its computations without being altered by beliefs or goals outside that module.