Which patient is associated with deep dyslexia?

• A. GR
• B. KF
• C. H.M.
• D. Phineas Gage

Answer: (A)

Deep dyslexia is defined by reading errors that are semantic in nature and by a marked difficulty reading nonwords, reflecting a disruption of the phonological reading route with the reader relying more on semantic/lexical processes. GR is a classic case described in neuropsychology as showing these exact features: when reading aloud, he produces semantically related substitutions and has poor ability to read pseudowords, consistent with deep dyslexia after left-hemisphere damage. The other individuals illustrate different neuropsychological profiles not characterized by this reading pattern—KF is known for severe auditory-verbal short-term memory deficits with relatively preserved reading; H.M. shows profound anterograde amnesia after bilateral medial temporal lobe removal; Phineas Gage had frontal-lobe–related personality and executive changes. Thus GR best fits the pattern of deep dyslexia.